Abstract The toxic potential of dithiocarbamates fungicides widely used in world agriculture is well known, among which Mancozeb is one of the most used. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of Mancozeb, determining the LC50% of the product and the behavioral and histological changes observed in fish of the Pacamã species through acute and sublethal toxicity tests. The first experiment was carried out on Pacamã fingerlings exposed to dosages of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8mg/L of Mancozeb under the form ManzateWG®, for a total period of 96 hours in the acute experiment, and in the second experiment, fish were subjected to concentrations of 1/10 of those used in the acute experiment (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8mg/L, respectively), for 15 days in total. The 50% lethal concentration of ManzateWG® was calculated at the end of the acute experiment, presenting a value of 2.29mg/L at 96h for Pacamã fingerlings. A behavioral assessment was carried out through daily observation of the fish during both experiments, and an increase in mucus production was observed, as well as atypical social behavior in those exposed to the toxic agent. Histopathological evaluation was performed on livers collected after the end of the sublethal experiment, and the main hepatic alterations observed were cytoplasmic vacuolization, inflammatory infiltrate, and necrosis. Mancozeb has toxic potential and is capable of generating behavioral changes, as well as increasing the risk of liver damage in Pacamãs exposed to this compound.

Resumo O potencial tóxico dos fungicidas ditiocarbamatos amplamente usados na agricultura mundial é bem conhecido, e entre estes, o Mancozebe é um dos mais utilizados. Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a toxicidade do Mancozebe, determinando a CL50% do produto e as alterações comportamentais e histológicas, observadas em peixes da espécie pacamã através de testes de toxicidade aguda e subletal. O primeiro experimento foi realizado em alevinos de pacamã expostos a dosagens de 0,5, 1, 2, 4 e 8mg/L de Mancozebe sob a forma ManzateWG®, por um período total de 96 horas no experimento agudo, e no segundo experimento os peixes foram submetidos a concentrações de 1/10 daquelas utilizadas no experimento agudo (0,05, 0,1, 0,2, 0,4 e 0,8mg/L, respectivamente), a exposição no segundo experimento foi de 15 dias. A concentração letal a 50% do ManzateWG® foi calculada ao fim do experimento agudo, apresentando um valor de 2,29mg/L às 96h para alevinos de pacamã. Avaliou-se o comportamento por meio da observação diária dos peixes, notando-se o aumento da produção de muco assim como comportamento social atípico naqueles indivíduos expostos ao agente tóxico. A análise histopatológica foi conduzida nos fígados coletados após a conclusão do experimento subletal, identificando as principais alterações hepáticas como vacuolização citoplasmática, infiltrado inflamatório e necrose. O Mancozebe apresenta potencial tóxico e é capaz de gerar alterações comportamentais, assim como aumentar o risco de lesões hepáticas em pacamãs expostos a este composto.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) flares alternative to the conventional method, the intravenous route. Method: Observational and retrospective, during the months of July-Novembre 2020, coinciding with the period of mobility limitation in Spain due to SARSCoV-2. The sample included 7 patients. The variables were: sex, age, type of MS, result on the expanded disability scale (EDSS), treatment, symptoms and evolution. The programs used were: patient history, outpatient dispensing and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results: The results of 7 patients with a mean age of 44.85±13 years were measured. All with a diagnosis of relapsing remitting MS. The mean EDSS score was 3. The main symptoms referred to were: paresthesia, muscle weakness and urinary incontinence. 85% ofthe patients evolved favorably. Anotheraspect that stands out is the comfort ofthe patient from home instead of goingto the hospital. Discussion and conclusion: Oral administration of 1,400 mg prednisone for 5 days is a safe, effective and comfortable alternative as a treatment for acute outbreaks in multiple sclerosis. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of an alternative treatment for MS flares to the conventional method, the intravenous route.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un tratamiento para los brotes por esclerosis múltiple (EM) alternativo al método convencional, la vía intravenosa. Método: Estudio retrospectivo y observacional durante los meses julio-noviembre 2020, coincidiendo con el período de limitación de movilidad en España por SARS-CoV-2. La muestra incluyó a 7 pacientes. Las variables fueron: sexo, edad, tipo de EM, resultado en escala expandida de discapacidad (EDSS), tratamiento, sintomatología y evolución. Los programas utilizados fueron: historia clínica del paciente, dispensación de pacientes externos y visualización resonancias magnéticas (RNM). Resultados: Se midieron los resultados de 7 pacientes con una edad media 44,85±13 años. Todos con diagnóstico EM remitente recurrente. La puntuación media de la EDSS fue 3. Los principales síntomas referidos fueron: parestesias, debilidad muscular e incontinencia urinaria. El 85% de los pacientes evolucionaron de forma favorable. Otro aspecto, es la comodidad del paciente desde su domicilio en lugar de acudir al centro hospitalario. Discusión y conclusión: La administración de 1.400 mg de prednisona oral durante 5 días, es una alternativa segura, eficaz y cómoda como tratamiento de los brotes agudos en la esclerosis múltiple. El abordaje multidisciplinar mejora la sobrecarga asistencial que sufre el sistema sanitario durante la pandemia evitando desplazamientos a urgencias hospitalarias.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analyze the insertion possibilities of Biomechanics concepts in Physical Education classes with the implementation of an educational project based on the theory of meaningful learning. A qualitative research was performed to evaluate the implementation of the educational project, which involved 17 students of elementary school. The questionnaires and observations analysis allowed to verify that participants increased their initial ideas and gave meaning to the taught concepts. The selected content was suitable to inclusion in physical education and the teaching strategies were adequate for meaningful learning, contributing to the construction of the school curriculum.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as possibilidades de inserção de conceitos de Biomecânica nas aulas de Educação Física partir da aplicação de um projeto educacional fundamentado na teoria da aprendizagem significativa. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa para avaliar a aplicação do projeto educacional, no qual participaram 17 estudantes do Ensino Fundamental. A análise dos questionários e das observações realizadas permitiram verificar que os participantes ampliaram suas ideias iniciais e atribuíram significado aos conceitos ensinados. Os conteúdos selecionados são passíveis de inserção na Educação Física e as estratégias de ensino foram adequadas para que a aprendizagem significativa ocorresse, contribuindo assim para a construção do currículo escolar.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las posibilidades de inserción de los conceptos del Biomecánica en las clases de Educación Física con la implementación de un proyecto educativo basado en la teoría del aprendizaje significativo. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa para evaluar la ejecución del proyecto educativo, con la participación del 17 estudiantes de la escuela primaria. El análisis de los cuestionarios y las observaciones permitió verificar que los participantes Alteraron sus concepciones iniciales y asignado significado a los conceptos enseñados. El contenido seleccionado era coherente para su inclusión en la educación física y las estrategias de enseñanza eran adecuadas para el aprendizaje significativo, lo que contribuye a la construcción del curriculum.

Flocculants based on responsive polymers were synthesized by means of free radical polymerization in aqueous environment at 25 °C. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm), statistical copolymers from NIPAAm and either acrylamide (AAm) or acrylic acid (AAc), and a copolymer composed of the three different monomers were prepared. These materials were characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The polymer diameters in water were in the range from 22 to 42 nm. Copolymers containing acid units exhibit a sharp T/pH-responsive behavior. Polymeric flocculants were evaluated in the turbidity removal from high-turbidity river water and wastewater (urban and agricultural). Temperature and time of flocculation, as well as composition and dosage of polymer were tested. The most effective temperature and time of flocculation were found to be 40 °C and 15-25 min, respectively. Polymer dosage of 0.1 mg mL-1 is sufficient for a high percentage of turbidity removal (~80%). At 1 mg mL-1 of flocculant, turbidity removal from 23.9 to 99.2% depending on the polymer composition and water quality were reached.

Se sintetizaron floculantes, compuestos de polímeros sensibles, vía polimerización por radicales libres en medio acuoso a 25 °C. Se prepararon poli(N-isopropilacrilamida) (PNIPAAm), copolímeros estadísticos de NIPAAm con acrilamida (AAm) o ácido acrílico (AAc), y un copolímero compuesto de los tres diferentes monómeros. Estos materiales se caracterizaron por Dispersión de Luz Dinámica (DLS), Espectroscopía de Infrarrojo con Transformadas de Fourier (FT-IR) y Análisis Termogravimétrico (TGA). Los diámetros de los polímeros en agua estuvieron en un intervalo de 22 a 42 nm. Los copolímeros con unidades ácidas exhiben un comportamiento de respuesta a cambios de temperatura y pH. Los floculantes poliméricos fueron evaluados en la remoción de turbidez del agua de río con turbidez elevada y agua residual (urbana y agrícola). Se probaron la temperatura y el tiempo de floculación, así como la composición y dosis de polímero. La temperatura y el tiempo de floculación más efectivos fueron 40 °C y 15-25 min, respectivamente. La dosis de polímero de 0.1 mg mL-1 es suficiente para lograr un porcentaje de remoción de turbidez elevado (~80%). A 1 mg mL-1 de floculante, se alcanza una remoción de turbidez de 23.9 a 99.2%, dependiendo de la composición de polímero y la calidad del agua.

The growth kinetics of Tetraselmis suecica cultured in nitrogen-limited media was evaluated; this allowed establishing the microbiological basic kinetic parameters of cultures to lipid and residual biomass production. This paper proposes a methodology to modify the traditional oil solvent-extraction by using high efficient ultrasound; this method includes separation process of chlorophyll from oil phase. Mass spectroscopy coupled to gas chromatography (MS-GC) was used to determine the fatty acid profile (FAP) from the final composition of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) obtained from oil sonotranse sterification. FAP was not altered by the effect of nitrogen stress, and it was observed that oil composition of Tetraselmis suecica was: palmitic acid, 28.86; stearic acid, 28.33; oleic acid, 16.79; linoleic acid, 11.71, and linolenic acid, 14.31 wt.%. Finally, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to find the best operational conditions of the extraction process in terms of the quantity of solvent used (X1), sonication time (X2) and ultrasonic power (X3), with pulses and without pulses of sonication. The best extraction process conditions with continuous sonication occurred at X1=5 mL g-1, X2=6 h and X3=160 W, ensuring an extraction efficiency of 94.98%

Se cultivó Tetraselmis suecica para estudiar la cinética de crecimiento en medios limitados por nitrógeno, lo cual permitió establecer los parámetros básicos de cinética microbiológica de los cultivos para la producción lipídica y biomasa residual. En este trabajo se propone una modificación al método tradicional de extracción de aceite por medio del uso de ultrasonido y solventes; este método incluye la metodología de la separación de clorofila de la fase oleosa. Se evaluaron los perfiles de ácidos grasos por medio de cromatografía de gases-masa (MS-CG) a partir del perfil de los metil ésteres de ácidos grasos (FAME) obtenidos por sonotranse sterificación, la composición de ácidos grasos observada fue: palmítico, 28.86; esteárico, 28.33; oleico, 16.79; linoleico, 11.71 y linolénico, 14.31%; composición que no se modificó por el efecto del estrés por nitrógeno. Finalmente, se utilizó la metodología de superficie de respuesta (RSM) para encontrar las mejores condiciones del proceso de extracción en función de la cantidad de solvente utilizado (X1), tiempo de sonicación (X2) y potencia acústica (X3), utilizando sonicación con pulsos y sin pulsos. Las mejores condiciones para el proceso fueron: X1=5 mL g-1, X2=6 h y X3=160 W, y un proceso sin pulsos; dichas condiciones aseguran una eficiencia de extracción de 94.98%.

This work demonstrates that Jatropha cinerea (J. cinerea) seed oil has potential as a new, non-conventional, bio-energy resource. The physical and chemical properties of J. cinerea seeds, collected from its natural habit, were evaluated. The length-, diameter- and weight- of seeds were in the ranges of 8 to 12 mm, 7.5 to 11 mm, and 0.2 to 0.7 g, respectively. Additionally, the amount of oil in the seed kernel was 65.77 wt.%, and it contained 15*% saturated, 33% monounsaturated, and 51% polyunsaturated fatty acids. The major constituent (50 .8 wt%) of crude J. cinerea oil was linoleic acid. Based on its content of phorbol esters (0.22 mg g-1), J. cinerea was considered to be a non-toxic Jatropha species. Iodine, saponification, and acid values of the J. cinerea seed oil were similar to those of the J. curcas seeds oil; therefore, it was suggested that J. cinerea oil had the quality required for biodiesel production from J. cinerea seeds oil was produced by a sonotransesterification process, evaluating the effect of the methanol: oil molar ratio (MOR), temperature, and reaction time. The best conditions for biodtesel production were 25°C, a MOR of 4:1, and a notably short reaction time of 20 s. These conditions were very advantageous as compared to those required by conventional processes, and very promising for the development of a low cost biodiesel production process using J. cinerea seed oil as a feedstock.

En este trabajo se demuestra que el aceite de las semillas de Jatropha cinerea (J. cinerea ) tienen un potencial como materia prima no convencional para la producción de biodiesel. Se evaluaron las propiedades fisicoquímicas de las semillas J. cinerea recolectadas de su hábitat natural en las costas de Sinaloa. Se encontró que la longitud, diámetro y peso característicos de las semillas estuvieron en los intervalos de 8 a 12 mm, 7.5 a 11 mm, y de 0.2 a 0.7 g, respectivamente. Además, la cantidad de aceite en la almendra de la semilla expresada en porciento en peso (%p) fue de 65.8, del cual 15% correspondió a ácidos grasos saturados, 33% a monoinsaturados, y 51% a poliinsaturados; asimismo, se encontró que el compuesto principal de los ácidos grasos del aceite de J. cinerea fue el ácido linoleico (50.8 %p). También se determinó que J. cinerea se puede considerar como una especie no tóxicas debido a su bajo contenido de ésteres de forbol (0.22 mg g-1). La caracterización del aceite de J. cinerea estableció que es adecuado para la producción de biodiesel debido a su alta calidad, fundamentada en los valores de índice de yodo, saponificación y acidez, los cuales fueron similares a los reportados previamente para J. curcas. Se evaluó la transesterificación del aceite de J. cinerea asistida por ultrasonido, evaluando el efecto de los siguientes parámetros: relación molar metanol: aceite (MOR), temperatura, y tiempo de reacción. En el rango de estudio, las mejores condiciones para la producción de biodiesel fueron 25 °C, una MOR de 4:1, y un tiempo de reacción de 20 s. Estas condiciones experimentales fueron notoriamente favorables en comparación con las requeridas en procesos convencionales y muy promisorias para la producción de biodiesel de bajo costo a partir del aceite de semilla de J. cinerea.

Grapes are an important crop in several countries, including Brazil. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of PK rock biofertilisers on grapes (Vitis vinif-era) grown in the San Francisco Valley of the Brazilian semi-arid region. Three sources of PK fertilisers, PK soluble fertilisers, PK rock biofertilisers, and powdered PK rocks, which were all mixed with earthworm compound, and a control treatment consisting only of earthworm compound were tested at three rates. The soil pH, available P and K, exchangeable Ca+2 and Mg+2, soluble S-SO4-2, total Fe and organic carbon were analysed, and the grape yield was evaluated. The soil pH was affected by the fertilisation treatments and was reduced by the application of PK biofertiliser. The available P and K, soluble S-SO4-2, exchangeable Ca and Mg, total Fe and organic carbon in the soil increased with the application of the PK biofertilisers. The soluble fertiliser had a significant effect (p=0.01) on the recommended rate of the grape yield, but no significant difference was observed between the PK soluble fertiliser and biofertiliser at 150% of the recommended rate. Rock biofertilisers may be used as a source of P, K, S-SO4-2 and Fe for grape production in soil with low available P and K, especially if applied at a 150% recommended rate.

Caterpillars of Cerconota achatina (Zeller, 1855) feed on lhe leaves of Byrsonima Rich in cerrado (savanna) of Brasília (Distrito Federal). They build shelters by tying leaves together with silk and frass. Within the leaf shelters the caterpillars form a tube of silk in which they feed. develop and pupate. In the laboratory the pupal stage is 14,4 days (sd=8,6: n=46). It was not possible to determine the age or numbers of instars of caterpillars in the wild. Of 93 caterpillars collected. 60% were feeding on B. cocclohifolia (Spr.) Kunth, 25% on B. crassa Nied. and 15% on B. verbascifolia [Rich. ex] Adr. & Juss. These numbers suggest a preference for B. coccolobifolia. Caterpillars of all size were found in every month of the year which suggest ovelapping generations and multivoltinism. They did not show a preference for new foliage and 75% of them were found on host-plants on wich less than 25% of leaves were young.